- Introduction to Geology
Introduction to Geology and Engineering Geology, Engineering Geology versus Geology, Importance of Engineering Geology for Civil Engineering Projects
GeologicalScienceandSubdivisions:Earth’s Materials, Earth’s Process
Earth’s History, Structure and Composition of the Earth
Geological Times, Sequence and Principles of Stratigraphy.- Mineral and Rocks
Introduction to Minerals and Rocks, Identification of Minerals, Crystal Form of Minerals,
Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic, Rock Cycle,
Rock-Forming Minerals, Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals
Classification of Rocks and Minerals with Respect to Color, Hardness, Grain Size, Texture, Strength and Weathering
Identification of Common Rock Types and Their Engineering Properties: Shales, Sandstones and Limestone.- Structural Geology
Introduction to Structural Geology, Dip and Strike,
Folds and Their Types,
Faults and their Causes,
Classification of Faults with Respect to Relative Moment, Dip and Strike of Strata, Amount of Inclination, Mode of Occurrence
Joints and Their Classification, Field Interpretation of Folds Faults and Joints, Structures due to Denudation.- Earthquakes, Earthflows & Land sliding
Tectonics Plates, Earthquakes and Their Causes, Measurements of Earthquakes, Protective Measures against Earthquakes, Earthquake Zoning of Pakistan.
Landslides and Types of Landslides, prediction and preventive measures, Introduction to Earthflows and Land Sliding, Types of Earthflows: Soil Creep, Rock Creep, Solifluction and Mudflows, Causes of Earthflows, Types of Land Sliding: Slump, Rockslides and Rock Falls, Causes of Land Slides.
Hydrogeology
Introduction to Wells, Springs, Streams, Ground Water, and Glaciers,
Types of Wells, Springs, Streams, Ground Water, and Glaciers.
Tunnelling
Introduction to Tunnels, Types of Tunnels, Tunnel Construction Methods in Rocks
Geological Survey Prior to Tunnelling, Lining of Tunnels, and Its Sections.
Selection of Sites for Civil Engineering Projects
Role of Geology in Selection of Sites for Dams, Reservoirs, Tunnels and Other Civil Engineering Projects, Such as Highways, Airfields and Bridges
- Brief Introduction of Local Geology.