- Soil-Water-Crop Relationship
Introduction of irrigation, Soil and its physical and chemical properties, Root zone soil water, Crops of Pakistan and crop rotation.
- Methods of Irrigation
Irrigation methods, Factors affecting choice of irrigation methods, Pressurized and non- pressurized methods, Uniformity coefficient.
- Water Requirement of Crops Functions of irrigation water, Standards for irrigation water, Terminology, Relationship
between duty and delta, Factors affecting duty, Improving duty, Classes of soil water, Equilibrium points- soil moisture tension, Depth of effective root zone, Depth and Frequency of watering, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation efficiencies, Gross irrigation requirements.
- Canal Irrigation System and Design of Irrigation Canals
Alluvial and non-alluvial canals, Alignment of canals, Distribution system for canal irrigation, Determination of canal capacity, Canal losses and channel section for minimum seepage loss.
Variables affecting flow in earthen channels, Kennedy’s theory, Lacey’s theory, Hydraulic design of earthen channels, Sediment transport, Tractive force method, Earthen canal section, Lining and its advantages, Types of lining with their merits and demerits, Hydraulic design of lined channels, Drainage behind lining, Super elevation, Discharge measurement in canals, Sediment measurement, Maintenance of canal section, Telemetry system.
- Canal Outlets
Requirements of an outlet, Classification and description of outlets, Tail cluster and tail escape, Selection of the type of outlets.
- Diversion Head Works
Weir and barrage with their Functions, Components, and Design considerations, Canal head regulator, Silt excluding devices.
- River Training Works
Types, Guide banks, Marginal banks, Spurs, Pitched islands.
- Dams
Types of dams and reservoirs, Storage zones of reservoirs, Storage capacity and yield of reservoir, Reservoir sedimentation and its control in reservoir, Economic height of dam, Factors governing the selection of type and site of dam.
- Waterlogging and salinity
Waterlogging and its causes, Optimum depth of water table, Salinity and its causes, Waterlogging and salinity management techniques.
- Drainage methods
Horizontal drainage, Tile drainage system and its design, disposal of drainage effluent, Installation of tile drains, Vertical (Tube well) drainage, Conditions required for vertical drainage, Design procedure of drainage tube wells.
- Cross drainage structures
Introduction, Classification of cross drainage structures and their description.